Ecumenical Councils

This letter, by Pope St. Gregory II, was presumably written in the year 729. We can gather this because his speaks of St. Germanus of Constantinople as in his 95th year; and St. Germanus was born in 634, which would place this letter in the year 729. Hearing of the outrageous acts of blasphemy committed by the Emperor in the East, the desecration of sacred images, the expulsion of Orthodox priests, and the proclamation of the iconoclast heresy, St. Gregory and others assembled a sacred Synod in Rome in 727. At this Synod the iconoclast heresy was anathematized and condemned; for it was not in the thoughts of the fathers to dilly-dally to wait for some hypothetical ecumenical council to defend the truth; some council is sufficient to expound this truth rather than no council. In many cases, St. Gregory II illustrates great deference to the majesty of the Emperor, but, this can only go so far. He warns him of the horrific and destructive course this heresy brings, not just upon the soul, but, upon the Emperor’s own secular rule. For the nations of the West, which had been brought into relative harmony with the Empire, were greatly outraged at the killing of the several martyrs who suffered for icons; for many of these ambassadors, some newly converted, reported seeing several women martyred in the Emperor’s presence for their defense of sacred images. Outrage followed in these countries; Ravenna, once loyal to the Emperor, had no use for an heretical ruler that would destroy their faith, and persecute their people, and thus welcomed the Orthodox barbarian conquerors. The other nations, as St. Gregory II expounds, will not stand for the imposition of iconoclast heresy by the Emperor’s armies; and, St. Gregory warns, should the Emperor try, he will find that the princes of the West will be ready to fight.

In a few places, for what reasons I cannot gather, there are minor errors in the text. For some reason, for example, St. Gregory seems to ascribe Holy King David as bringing the brazen serpent into the Temple; though, it is possible this is a scribal error, or, the word ‘temple’ is being used in an overly broad sense; lastly, I suppose, it could be thought that a simply slip of mind happened in the hasty composition of St. Gregory’s letter. But, none of these make any real difference to the essential content of the text. St. Gregory II does, of course, bring up the issue of images of God the Father, which he is against. Though, even if one does not agree with this conclusion of his, it need not detract from the letter as an whole.

It should be remembered, that, unfortunately, the Orthodox West’s experience, in many cases, with Eastern Emperors was often not very positive. Having just seen nearly 50 years of Monothelite heresy, with attempts by Monothelite emperor to force heresy upon Orthodox Italians, etc, and now seeing the same attempts by Eastern Emperors to do the same, only one generation later, with Iconoclasm, the opinion of the Church in the West of Constantinople was brought even lower. This, unfortunately, created a bad atmosphere, not entirely justified, that created attitudes of suspicion toward anything arriving from Constantinople. The result was that the heretical emperors of the East themselves helped contribute a great deal to setting the ground work for much of the political circumstances that contributed to the Great Schism of the West from Orthodoxy and apostasy of the same West into  heresies.

Nevertheless, at this time, Orthodox Rome, warned the emperor that the Orthodox popes occupy a place as mediator between the East and the West, and that by attacking Orthodox Rome, the Emperor continues to alienate the West. St. Gregory says he need only go 24 stadia outside the city, and they will never find him in the hills of Campania.

The translation is from Mendham’s book. Although I cannot, of course, agree with Mendham’s views, he does provide an accurate translation, despite his heterodox Anglican background.

–Hieromonk Enoch

First Letter of Gregory the Second, Pope of Rome, to the Emperor Leo, in Defence of Images

The letters of your God-preserved Majesty and fraternity we received by Augustalis Spatharocandidatus during the whole of your reign from the fourteenth indiction: and, as we received the letters of this fourteenth and of the fifteenth, and of the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eight, and ninth indictions, we carefully preserved them in the Holy Church, laying them on the threshold of the Sanctuary of the Holy, Glorious, and Very Chiefest of the Apostles, Peter, where are also laid up the letters of other holy and pious Sovereigns, your predecessors.

Now, in these first ten collections we find that thou didst well and piously, and as became a Sovereign, determine to observe and defend, without an omission, all the decrees and doctrines of our holy fathers and doctors. And, what was of the first importance, the writing was your own, and not that of another, safely sealed with the royal seal; and no less safe within were the signatures of your own hands, written in purple ink as is the royal custom, which laid before us your right and true confession concerning our Immaculate and Orthodox Faith: wherein, moreover, you were accustomed to add that he who undermines and destroys the definitions of the Fathers was accursed. Now, when we received these letters, we offered hymns of praise to God that he had thought fit to put the Empire into thine hands.

Now, since ye ran so well, who hath rung this in thine ears and turned aside thine heart like a broken bow, that thou hast looked on things that were behind? For ten years, by the Grace of God, thou didst walk well and madest no mention of holy images; but now thou sayst they occupy the place of idols; that they who venerate them are idolators; and thou has determined on their utter destruction. And thou hast not feared the judgments of God in thus causing scandals to arise, not only in the heart of the faithful, but of the unfaithful also.

But Christ commands you not to offend any of His little ones, and declares that, even for a slight scandal, you stand in danger of eternal fire. And hast thou scandalized the whole word because thou hadst not courage to endure death, but hadst rather defend thyself by a sinful apology?

For thou hast written, “That we ought not to worship things made with hands ,nor any image or likeness of things in heaven or things on the earth, as the Lord hath said.” And again: “Certify me who hath commanded us to worship and adore things made with the hand, and I will confess it as the ordinance of God.”

Now why, as king and head of Christians, did you not ask of those who knew and had experience, and from them seek confirmation concerning what kind of things, made with the hand, God spake, before you stirred up, excited, and disturbed the common people? Yea, you have driven away, you have denied and cast out, our holy fathers and doctors, whom, with your own hand and your own writing, you have declared that you would obey and follow. Scripture is ours–both light and salvation is ours–the holy and inspired fathers and teachers are ours; and this practice the Six Holy Councils, which were in Christ, have handed down to us, and you receive not their testimony. It is necessary that we write to you things gross and unlearned, since you are so unlearned yourself; but, nevertheless, they have in them the truth and power of God. We exhort you, by God, to lay aside that pride and arrogance which cleaves so fast to you, and with much humility to give us a candid hearing: and may God convince thee of the truth by means of His word! It was because of the idolators who were settled in the land of promise that He spake thus: “For they worshipped figures made of wood, and gold, and silver, and every beast of the earth and fowl of the air, and they said these are thy gods, and there is no other god beside.” Now, it was these Satanic, accursed, and pestilential things made with hands which God forbad that we should worship.

But, since there are things made with hands for the glory and service of God–when He would bring in His Own holy people the Hebrews, as He promises to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob their forefathers, and would give them the land of promise, and would make them possessors and inheritors of the possessions of idolators, and would destroy and utterly wipe out those nations because they had defiled heaven and earth with their wickedness–He spake thus before-hand, in order to secure them from falling into the like superstitions. But He chose of the Israelitish nation two men and blessed them and sanctified them, that they might form all kinds of works made with the hand, which were for the service and glory of God, as a memorial for their generations—these were Bezaleel and Eliab, of the tribe of Dan.

Moreover, God said to Moses, “Hew out two tables of stone and bring them to me.” And he hewed them and brought them, and God wrote upon them with His Finger the Ten Life-Giving Immortal Commandments. Then said God: “Make Cherubim and Seraphim, and make a table covered with gold within and without; and make an ark of imperishable wood, and place the testimonies within the ark as a memorial for your generation–that is, place therein the tables of stone, the golden pot, the rod, the manna.” Now, are these things made with the hand, or are they not?—but surely they were fore the glory and service of God. This same Illustrious Moses, constrained by fear, wishing to see His Shape and Likeness lest he should be deceived, entreated God, saying, “Lord, show me Thyself evidently, that I may see Thee.” (Ex. 33:18) And God answered: “If thou shouldest see me thou must die; but ascend into the cleft of the rock, and thou shalt see Mine Hinder Parts.” Then God showed to him the Mystery that was hidden from ages and from generations. Now, indeed, in our generation, in these last days, He hath manifested His Hinder Parts and His Front Parts together. For when God saw the whole human race in danger of utter destruction, having pity on the work of His Own Hands, He sent His Own Son, Who was Born before all worlds; and He, having Descended from Heaven, entered into the Womb of the Holy Mary the Virgin, causing the True Light to Shine in the Virgin’s Womb. And the Light, instead of seed, became Flesh; and He was Baptized in the River Jordan, and He hath Baptized us. And then He began to give us the assurance of distinctive signs that we might not err; for, having entered into Jerusalem, in an Upper Chamber of the Holy and Glorious Zion. He gave to us His Holy Body, and made us to drink His Precious Blood, in the Mystical Supper; then, as it were, He washed our feet, and we eat and rank together with Him, and our hands handled Him, and He made Himself known to us.

Thus the Truth has been manifested to us, and all the error and darkness with which we were involved has been utterly dispersed and hath vanished away; for their voice went out into all the world and their words unto the ends of the earth. For from the whole world men, winged as eagles, went to Jerusalem, as the Lord hath said in the Gospels, “Where the carcase is there shall the eagles be gathered together.” (Luk 17:37) Now the carcase means Christ, and pious and Christ-loving men are the eagles which soar aloft. These, having seen the Lord, describing Him as He appeared, drew a picture of Him. And when they had seen James, the Lord’s brother, as they saw so they made an image of Him; and, having seen Stephen, the Proto-Martyr, they made an image of Him according to what they beheld; and, in a word, as they saw the persons of those who shed their blood for Christ, they made pictures of them. These, when afterwards men throughout the world had beheld, left the superstitions of the devil, and these they honoured, not with the honour of latria, but with relative honour. And now, O Emperor, which appears right to you,that these should be honoured or the superstitions of Satan?

Moreover, while Christ was Present at Jerusalem, Abgarus, who then swayed the power amongst the Edessenes, having heard of the Miracles of Christ, wrote an Epistle to Christ, and Christ sent a reply to him, written with His Own Hand, and with it the Figure of His holy and Glorious Person. now, send to that image made without hands and see for yourself; for there it is that multitudes of the people of the East assemble themselves together and offer up their prayers; and there are many other such things besides which are made with hands, which the armies of those who love Christ retain and worship, but which you ever day slight and despise.

Would you know the reason why we have not described or made an image of the Father of Our Lord Jesus Christ? It is because we know now what He is, and it is impossible to depict or describe the Nature of God; but if we had seen and known Him, as we have seen and known His Son, then we should have painted and described Him also, that you might have called His image also an idol.

But we entreat thee, as brethren in Christ, to come to that Truth which thou hast deserted: cast away your arrogance: cease your vain confidence, and write to all and everywhere so that you may restore those whom you have scandalized and whom you have blinded, of whom forsooth you, through your gross insensibility, think nothing at all. The love of Christ knows how, when we enter the Church of the Chief Apostle Peter and look on the picture of the Saint, we are filled with poignant grief, and, as a shower of rain from above, so are our tears poured forth. Christ made the blind to see; but you have blinded those who did see aright, and you have made them to stumble, just as if you thought this to be of no importance: you have made them stupid–you have taken away the right path from them–you have deprived them of prayers; and, instead of vigils and diligent attendance and affection towards God, you have driven your poor people headlong to sloth, drowsiness, and utter carlessness.

But you say that we worship stones, and walls, and boards. It is not as you say, O Emperor; but we have these things for our admonition and excitation, and that our dull, untaught, and gross mind may be raised on high by those whose names, who appellation, whose image, we see written thereupon. For we have them not as gods–God forbid!–and our hopes are by no means placed in them. For if the image be of Christ, we say—“O Lord Jesus Christ, help and save us!” But if it be the image of His Holy Mather, we says—“O Holy Mother of God, intercede with thy Son, Our True God, to save our souls.” Or it it e of any particular martyr, as of St. Stephen, we say—“O Holy Stephen, who hast poured forth thy blood for Christ, having boldness, as the Proto-Martyr, intercede for us.” And so we say of any other martyr who hath borne testimony to Christ. Such are the prayers we offer by them: so it is not, as you say, that we call on our martyrs as gods. Turn from thine evil imagination, I entreat thee; and free thy soul from the scandals and from the curses which come upon thee from the whole world. Yea, the very children will make sport of thee. Go into any of the elementary schools and say, I am the opponent and destroyer of images, and they will throw their writing tablets at thine head: so that, if thou wilt not be taught by the wise, thou shalt by the foolish.

But thou hast written that, “as Uzziah King of the Jews, after eight hundred years, brought the brazen serpent out of the temple, so I, after eight hundred years, have taken images out of the churches.” Verily, Uzziah was brother to thee, and exhibited the same audacity and tyrannized over the priests just as you do now; for that serpent the Holy David brought into the temple together with the Holy Ark. And what was it except brass hallowed by God for the sake of those who were bitten and hurt by serpents? And it was placed there that it might be shown how that same which injected evil into the first creation formed by God–namely, Adam and Eve–the same should be for the healing of sinners.

But as, forsooth, you boast that after eight hundred years you cast the holiness and the blessing of martyrs out of the churches, know that as at first you confessed rightly enough of your own good will, not by any compulsion, and as now you have with your own hand written as above, that you have brought their curse upon your own head. We, indeed, were minded, as we had right and authority from St. Peter the Chief of the Apostles, to inflict condign punishment upon you; but as you have brought the punishment upon yourself, there let it abide and rest upon you, together with the counsellors whom you have in your confidence. To what extent have you not injured the edification and marred the course of those who ran well, the love of Christ knows. When we have entered any church we have seen the histories of the miraculous conversation of Our Lord Jesus Christ, or of His Holy Mother holding in her arms and suckling the Lord Our God, and the Angels standing all around, and singing the Trisagion, we never leave without serious compunction. And who can but feel compunction, or refrain from tears, as he looks on the Sacred Bath–the priests standing around–the Mystical Supper–the giving of sight to the blind–the resurrection of Lazarus–the healing of the leper or the paralytic–the sitting down on the ground–the baskets–the fragments–the Transfiguration on Mount Tabor–the Crucifixion of Our Lord–His Burial–His Resurrection–His Holy Ascension–the Descent of the Holy Ghost? Who that contemplates the history of Abraham, laying his sword on the neck of his son, is not filled with remorse and melted into tears? And so with respect to any of the conflicts of the Lord.

But now, O Emperor, of the two it were better for thee to be called an heretic than the persecutor and destroyer of the histories, pictures, and images of Our Lord’s Passion. Not but that it is, indeed, a thing bad enough, and by all means to be avoided, to be called ‘heretic’ at all; but in what way this is better than the other I will now unfold. The heretic is so declared to be, even though he is known to be such, not in many points, but in few. Now, scandals are hard to avoid, and theological Truths are oftentimes very involved and very difficult to determine: they, therefore, who discuss these matters without sufficient humility, from the ignorance and darkness under which they labour, fall forthwith into error. Surely their condemnation will not be so great as thine; for thou hast manifestly set thyself against things conspicuous enough and clear as the light, in that thou hast stripped the Churches of God, which our holy fathers clothed and adorned; and this when you had such a Pontiff as my Lord Germanus, my brother, and fellow-minister, whom you should have consulted as a father and a teacher as being now in years, and having no small experience in ecclesiastical matters. This day that holy man hath reached his ninety-fifth year, continually occupied in the service of Church and King; and constantly, in both these respects, he has been found abundantly useful. Alas! that you should have dismissed such a one from your counsels, and should have listened to that lawless fool, Ephesus the son of Apsimar.

Now, it was my Lord Germanus, and the then Patriarch my Lord George, who advised and persuaded Constantine, the son of Constans, the father of Justinian [II Rhinotemetus], to correspond with us (our predecessors) at Rome. And he wrote on oath entreating that we should send men of worth, that so an Ecumenical Council might be assembled together; and he declared:—“I will not preside therein as Sovereign or speak at all authoritatively, but only as one of the Council: and as the chief Priests shall agree so will I agree, and those who speak aright we will receive, and those who speak amiss we will expel and send into exile. And, if mine own father hath perverted in the least our Holy and Immaculate Faith, I first of all am ready to anathematize him.” By God’s Grace we seen, and the Sixth Synod was celebrated in peace.

You should know, O King, that the doctrines of the Holy Church belong not to Kings but to the Priests. For this purpose have Priests been set over the Church and severed from all secular affairs; and Kings, in like manner, are severed from ecclesiastical affairs, and should be solely employed in their own peculiar occupation: and the Council of Christian Kings and Pious Priests becomes one power so long as their affairs are pursued in peace and love.

But thou hast written to us that we should assemble an Ecumenical Synod. To us such an assemblage appears quite superfluous. Thou alone art the opponent of images, their reviler, and subvertor. Give up that point, and grant us but the favour of thy silence and all scandal will cease–the world will be at peace. Be it so that we should give ear to thee, and Priests from all parts of the world be got together and the Assembly and Council commence its Session–where is the Christ-loving and pious Sovereign who, according to custom, ought to sit in such a Council to honour those who speak well, to expell those who turn aside from the truth, since thou, O Emperor, art so vacillating and barbarous? Know you not that the attempt in which you are engaged against holy images is one of turbulence, insolence, and pride? Cease and be quite, and there will be no need of a Council. Write only to all whom you have scandalized everywhere throughout the world, [i.e that is those to whom was falsely written] that Germanus, Patriarch of Constantinople, and Gregory, Pope of Rome, have erred in the matter of images, and we will set you quite free from all guilt of error on your part as having received power from God to loose the things that are in heaven or on earth!

God is Witness that to whatever letters you were pleased to send to the Sovereigns of the West we added our suffrage, endeavouring to conciliate them to you, praising and magnifying your goodness, so long as we saw you continuing to walk according to your former course. So they received your Laureata in such a manner as it was fit one king should honour another; and this they did so long as they had not heard of your attack upon images.

But after they had learned and were assured that thou didst send Jubinus Spatharocandidatus to Chalcopatria to destroy and break in pieces the image of the Saviour, styled “Antiphoneta,” where so many miracles had been wrought, and that many women were found there full of zeal who had of old brought odours, who entreated this Spatharocandidatus, saying, “O do not such outrage!”—but as he would not listen to their petition, but did actually ascend the latter and thrice smote with an axe the face of the Saviour’s image–these women, no longer bearing such wickedness, did draw away the ladder, and, having beaten him with their fists, did there make an end of him; and that on this occasion you, emulous of evil, slew of these women I know not how many, and this in the presence of worthy men from Rome, from France, from the Vandals, from Mauritania, from Gotthia, and, in a word, from all the Western interior: then, as these returned each to his own country, and there related thy later and childish proceedings, then they cast down and trampled upon thy Laureata and overthrew thy statues. And the Lombards and Sarmatians and other northern tribes, having declared war, overran the unfortunate Decapolis, and took its metropolis, Ravenna; and they have driven out thy rulers and set up their own, and they would gladly do the same to the province near us and to Rome itself—and all this while you can do nothing to help thyself—these are the fruits of thy folly and obstinancy!

But you think to terrify us and add—“I will send to Rome and break down the image of St. Peter. I will bind and carry away Gregory the High Priest there, as Constans carried away Martin.” Now, you should reflect that High Priests who preside in Rome sit there for the purpose of effecting peace between the East and the West, and are, as it were, a middle and party wall between them, and thy predecessors were the most anxious to keep and preserve this bond of peace; but if you act insolently, and send out your threats we shall not think necessary to contend with you: the High Priests of Rome will depart fourty-and-twenty stadia into the country of Campania; and then you may come and pursue the winds. (Eccl. 34:2) Our predecessor, Martin, was earnest in his days exhorting to peace; wherefore Constans, who thought amiss concerning the Holy Trinity, and consented with certain heretical High Priests–namely, Sergius, Paul, and Pyrrhus–having sent and seized him in a tyrannical way, carried him off to Byzantium, and, having afflicted him in various ways, sent him into banishment; and, moreover, he greatly tried the Monk Maximus and his disciple Anastasius, and at length finished with sending them also into banishment to Lazica. Constans, who banished thee, did not escape vengeance, but perished in his sin; for Nezeuxius, Count of the Bedchamber, being certified by the Bishops of Sicily that his master was an heretic, slew him in the temple and he died in his sin. But of the blessedness of Martin, the very city of Cherson, whither he was banished, and of the Bosphorus, give fullest testimony, and also the North and its inhabitants, who are accustomed to attend his tomb and there receive cures of various disease.

As far as we are concerned, we could be well content that the Lord would grant us to go the same way that Holy Martin went before us; but, for the benefit of the many, we would yet longer wish to live: for the whole West looks towards our humility; and though we (may seem to) be nothing, yet in us they have the greatest confidence, and in him–namely, St. Peter, whose image you threatened to break down and destroy–for him all the Princes of the West look upon as an earthly deity. So, should you venture on any such rash undertaking, the Princes of the West would avenge the cause of those of the East whom thou hast injured: but we entreat you by the Lord turn from these new and childish proceedings. You know well that you are unable to defend your Roman province, except it be the city only, on account of its contiguity to the sea; and as we have said before, if the Pope chose but to move four-and-twenty stadia from Rome, he need have no further dread of thee. One thing troubles us–the wild and barbarous nations are becoming civilized; but you are, from civilized, becoming wild and barbarous.

All the West offer the first-fruits of their Faith to Peter, head and chief of the Apostles, should you send any here for the destruction of St. Peter’s image–see–we warn you before hand; we are free from the blood which may be shed on the occasion. On thine own head and on thine own neck be all these things.

We have lately received an earnest invitation from the remotest West–from a country called Septetus–desiring that, by the Grace of God, we should visit them and bestow upon them holy baptism; and, that none may accuse us of idleness or sloth, we intent to begird ourselves for the journey. May God put His fear in thine heart, and may God convert thee to the Truth and free thee from those errors which thou hast mischievously foisted on the world, and speedily may I receive a letter from thee announcing thy conversion; and may He Who Descended from Heaven and entered the Virgin’s Womb for our salvation dwell in thine heart, and speedily expel those that inhabit there and cause all these scandals, and so grant peace to the Churches of all Christians for ever and ever. Amen.